介绍¶
The model reference documentation explains how to use
Django’s standard field classes — CharField
,
DateField
, etc. For many purposes, those classes are
all you’ll need. Sometimes, though, the Django version won’t meet your precise
requirements, or you’ll want to use a field that is entirely different from
those shipped with Django.
Django’s built-in field types don’t cover every possible database column type —
only the common types, such as VARCHAR
and INTEGER
. For more obscure
column types, such as geographic polygons or even user-created types such as
PostgreSQL custom types, you can define your own Django Field
subclasses.
Alternatively, you may have a complex Python object that can somehow be
serialized to fit into a standard database column type. This is another case
where a Field
subclass will help you use your object with your models.
我们的示例对象¶
Creating custom fields requires a bit of attention to detail. To make things
easier to follow, we’ll use a consistent example throughout this document:
wrapping a Python object representing the deal of cards in a hand of Bridge.
Don’t worry, you don’t have to know how to play Bridge to follow this example.
You only need to know that 52 cards are dealt out equally to four players, who
are traditionally called north, east, south and west. Our class looks
something like this:
class Hand:
"""A hand of cards (bridge style)"""
def __init__(self, north, east, south, west):
# Input parameters are lists of cards ('Ah', '9s', etc.)
self.north = north
self.east = east
self.south = south
self.west = west
# ... (other possibly useful methods omitted) ...
This is just an ordinary Python class, with nothing Django-specific about it.
We’d like to be able to do things like this in our models (we assume the
hand
attribute on the model is an instance of Hand
):
example = MyModel.objects.get(pk=1)
print(example.hand.north)
new_hand = Hand(north, east, south, west)
example.hand = new_hand
example.save()
We assign to and retrieve from the hand
attribute in our model just like
any other Python class. The trick is to tell Django how to handle saving and
loading such an object.
In order to use the Hand
class in our models, we do not have to change
this class at all. This is ideal, because it means you can easily write
model support for existing classes where you cannot change the source code.
Note
You might only be wanting to take advantage of custom database column
types and deal with the data as standard Python types in your models;
strings, or floats, for example. This case is similar to our Hand
example and we’ll note any differences as we go along.
背后的理论¶
数据库存储¶
The simplest way to think of a model field is that it provides a way to take a
normal Python object — string, boolean, datetime
, or something more
complex like Hand
— and convert it to and from a format that is useful
when dealing with the database (and serialization, but, as we’ll see later,
that falls out fairly naturally once you have the database side under control).
Fields in a model must somehow be converted to fit into an existing database
column type. Different databases provide different sets of valid column types,
but the rule is still the same: those are the only types you have to work
with. Anything you want to store in the database must fit into one of
those types.
Normally, you’re either writing a Django field to match a particular database
column type, or there’s a fairly straightforward way to convert your data to,
say, a string.
For our Hand
example, we could convert the card data to a string of 104
characters by concatenating all the cards together in a pre-determined order —
say, all the north cards first, then the east, south and west cards. So
Hand
objects can be saved to text or character columns in the database.
一个 field 类做了什么?¶
All of Django’s fields (and when we say fields in this document, we always
mean model fields and not form fields) are subclasses
of django.db.models.Field
. Most of the information that Django records
about a field is common to all fields — name, help text, uniqueness and so
forth. Storing all that information is handled by Field
. We’ll get into the
precise details of what Field
can do later on; for now, suffice it to say
that everything descends from Field
and then customizes key pieces of the
class behavior.
It’s important to realize that a Django field class is not what is stored in
your model attributes. The model attributes contain normal Python objects. The
field classes you define in a model are actually stored in the Meta
class
when the model class is created (the precise details of how this is done are
unimportant here). This is because the field classes aren’t necessary when
you’re just creating and modifying attributes. Instead, they provide the
machinery for converting between the attribute value and what is stored in the
database or sent to the serializer.
Keep this in mind when creating your own custom fields. The Django Field
subclass you write provides the machinery for converting between your Python
instances and the database/serializer values in various ways (there are
differences between storing a value and using a value for lookups, for
example). If this sounds a bit tricky, don’t worry — it will become clearer in
the examples below. Just remember that you will often end up creating two
classes when you want a custom field:
- The first class is the Python object that your users will manipulate.
They will assign it to the model attribute, they will read from it for
displaying purposes, things like that. This is theHand
class in our
example. - The second class is the
Field
subclass. This is the class that knows
how to convert your first class back and forth between its permanent
storage form and the Python form.
编写一个 field 子类¶
When planning your Field
subclass, first give some
thought to which existing Field
class your new field
is most similar to. Can you subclass an existing Django field and save yourself
some work? If not, you should subclass the Field
class, from which everything is descended.
Initializing your new field is a matter of separating out any arguments that are
specific to your case from the common arguments and passing the latter to the
__init__()
method of Field
(or your parent
class).
In our example, we’ll call our field HandField
. (It’s a good idea to call
your Field
subclass <Something>Field
, so it’s
easily identifiable as a Field
subclass.) It doesn’t
behave like any existing field, so we’ll subclass directly from
Field
:
from django.db import models
class HandField(models.Field):
description = "A hand of cards (bridge style)"
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
kwargs['max_length'] = 104
super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
Our HandField
accepts most of the standard field options (see the list
below), but we ensure it has a fixed length, since it only needs to hold 52
card values plus their suits; 104 characters in total.
Note
Many of Django’s model fields accept options that they don’t do anything
with. For example, you can pass both
editable
and
auto_now
to a
django.db.models.DateField
and it will simply ignore the
editable
parameter
(auto_now
being set implies
editable=False
). No error is raised in this case.
This behavior simplifies the field classes, because they don’t need to
check for options that aren’t necessary. They just pass all the options to
the parent class and then don’t use them later on. It’s up to you whether
you want your fields to be more strict about the options they select, or to
use the simpler, more permissive behavior of the current fields.
Field.__init__()
方法接收以下参数:
verbose_name
name
primary_key
max_length
unique
blank
null
db_index
rel
: Used for related fields (likeForeignKey
). For advanced
use only.default
editable
serialize
: IfFalse
, the field will not be serialized when the model
is passed to Django’s serializers. Defaults to
True
.unique_for_date
unique_for_month
unique_for_year
choices
help_text
db_column
db_tablespace
: Only for index creation, if the
backend supports tablespaces. You can usually
ignore this option.auto_created
:True
if the field was
automatically created, as for theOneToOneField
used by model inheritance. For advanced use only.
All of the options without an explanation in the above list have the same
meaning they do for normal Django fields. See the field documentation for examples and details.
Field deconstruction¶
The counterpoint to writing your __init__()
method is writing the
deconstruct()
method. This method tells Django how to take an instance
of your new field and reduce it to a serialized form – in particular, what
arguments to pass to __init__()
to re-create it.
If you haven’t added any extra options on top of the field you inherited from,
then there’s no need to write a new deconstruct()
method. If, however,
you’re changing the arguments passed in __init__()
(like we are in
HandField
), you’ll need to supplement the values being passed.
The contract of deconstruct()
is simple; it returns a tuple of four items:
the field’s attribute name, the full import path of the field class, the
positional arguments (as a list), and the keyword arguments (as a dict). Note
this is different from the deconstruct()
method for custom classes which returns a tuple of three things.
As a custom field author, you don’t need to care about the first two values;
the base Field
class has all the code to work out the field’s attribute
name and import path. You do, however, have to care about the positional
and keyword arguments, as these are likely the things you are changing.
For example, in our HandField
class we’re always forcibly setting
max_length in __init__()
. The deconstruct()
method on the base Field
class will see this and try to return it in the keyword arguments; thus,
we can drop it from the keyword arguments for readability:
from django.db import models
class HandField(models.Field):
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
kwargs['max_length'] = 104
super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
def deconstruct(self):
name, path, args, kwargs = super().deconstruct()
del kwargs["max_length"]
return name, path, args, kwargs
If you add a new keyword argument, you need to write code to put its value
into kwargs
yourself:
from django.db import models
class CommaSepField(models.Field):
"Implements comma-separated storage of lists"
def __init__(self, separator=",", *args, **kwargs):
self.separator = separator
super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
def deconstruct(self):
name, path, args, kwargs = super().deconstruct()
# Only include kwarg if it's not the default
if self.separator != ",":
kwargs['separator'] = self.separator
return name, path, args, kwargs
More complex examples are beyond the scope of this document, but remember –
for any configuration of your Field instance, deconstruct()
must return
arguments that you can pass to __init__
to reconstruct that state.
Pay extra attention if you set new default values for arguments in the
Field
superclass; you want to make sure they’re always included, rather
than disappearing if they take on the old default value.
In addition, try to avoid returning values as positional arguments; where
possible, return values as keyword arguments for maximum future compatibility.
Of course, if you change the names of things more often than their position
in the constructor’s argument list, you might prefer positional, but bear in
mind that people will be reconstructing your field from the serialized version
for quite a while (possibly years), depending how long your migrations live for.
You can see the results of deconstruction by looking in migrations that include
the field, and you can test deconstruction in unit tests by just deconstructing
and reconstructing the field:
name, path, args, kwargs = my_field_instance.deconstruct()
new_instance = MyField(*args, **kwargs)
self.assertEqual(my_field_instance.some_attribute, new_instance.some_attribute)
Changing a custom field’s base class¶
You can’t change the base class of a custom field because Django won’t detect
the change and make a migration for it. For example, if you start with:
class CustomCharField(models.CharField):
...
and then decide that you want to use TextField
instead, you can’t change
the subclass like this:
class CustomCharField(models.TextField):
...
Instead, you must create a new custom field class and update your models to
reference it:
class CustomCharField(models.CharField):
...
class CustomTextField(models.TextField):
...
As discussed in removing fields, you
must retain the original CustomCharField
class as long as you have
migrations that reference it.
Documenting your custom field¶
As always, you should document your field type, so users will know what it is.
In addition to providing a docstring for it, which is useful for developers,
you can also allow users of the admin app to see a short description of the
field type via the django.contrib.admindocs application. To do this simply provide
descriptive text in a description
class attribute of your custom
field. In the above example, the description displayed by the admindocs
application for a HandField
will be ‘A hand of cards (bridge style)’.
In the django.contrib.admindocs
display, the field description is
interpolated with field.__dict__
which allows the description to
incorporate arguments of the field. For example, the description for
CharField
is:
description = _("String (up to %(max_length)s)")
Useful methods¶
Once you’ve created your Field
subclass, you might
consider overriding a few standard methods, depending on your field’s behavior.
The list of methods below is in approximately decreasing order of importance,
so start from the top.
Custom database types¶
Say you’ve created a PostgreSQL custom type called mytype
. You can
subclass Field
and implement the db_type()
method, like so:
from django.db import models
class MytypeField(models.Field):
def db_type(self, connection):
return 'mytype'
Once you have MytypeField
, you can use it in any model, just like any other
Field
type:
class Person(models.Model):
name = models.CharField(max_length=80)
something_else = MytypeField()
If you aim to build a database-agnostic application, you should account for
differences in database column types. For example, the date/time column type
in PostgreSQL is called timestamp
, while the same column in MySQL is called
datetime
. The simplest way to handle this in a db_type()
method is to check the connection.settings_dict['ENGINE']
attribute.
例子:
class MyDateField(models.Field):
def db_type(self, connection):
if connection.settings_dict['ENGINE'] == 'django.db.backends.mysql':
return 'datetime'
else:
return 'timestamp'
The db_type()
and rel_db_type()
methods are called by
Django when the framework constructs the CREATE TABLE
statements for your
application — that is, when you first create your tables. The methods are also
called when constructing a WHERE
clause that includes the model field —
that is, when you retrieve data using QuerySet methods like get()
,
filter()
, and exclude()
and have the model field as an argument. They
are not called at any other time, so it can afford to execute slightly complex
code, such as the connection.settings_dict
check in the above example.
Some database column types accept parameters, such as CHAR(25)
, where the
parameter 25
represents the maximum column length. In cases like these,
it’s more flexible if the parameter is specified in the model rather than being
hard-coded in the db_type()
method. For example, it wouldn’t make much
sense to have a CharMaxlength25Field
, shown here:
# This is a silly example of hard-coded parameters.
class CharMaxlength25Field(models.Field):
def db_type(self, connection):
return 'char(25)'
# In the model:
class MyModel(models.Model):
# ...
my_field = CharMaxlength25Field()
The better way of doing this would be to make the parameter specifiable at run
time — i.e., when the class is instantiated. To do that, just implement
Field.__init__()
, like so:
# This is a much more flexible example.
class BetterCharField(models.Field):
def __init__(self, max_length, *args, **kwargs):
self.max_length = max_length
super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
def db_type(self, connection):
return 'char(%s)' % self.max_length
# In the model:
class MyModel(models.Model):
# ...
my_field = BetterCharField(25)
Finally, if your column requires truly complex SQL setup, return None
from
db_type()
. This will cause Django’s SQL creation code to skip
over this field. You are then responsible for creating the column in the right
table in some other way, of course, but this gives you a way to tell Django to
get out of the way.
The rel_db_type()
method is called by fields such as ForeignKey
and OneToOneField
that point to another field to determine their database
column data types. For example, if you have an UnsignedAutoField
, you also
need the foreign keys that point to that field to use the same data type:
# MySQL unsigned integer (range 0 to 4294967295).
class UnsignedAutoField(models.AutoField):
def db_type(self, connection):
return 'integer UNSIGNED AUTO_INCREMENT'
def rel_db_type(self, connection):
return 'integer UNSIGNED'
Converting values to Python objects¶
If your custom Field
class deals with data structures that are more
complex than strings, dates, integers, or floats, then you may need to override
from_db_value()
and to_python()
.
If present for the field subclass, from_db_value()
will be called in all
circumstances when the data is loaded from the database, including in
aggregates and values()
calls.
to_python()
is called by deserialization and during the
clean()
method used from forms.
As a general rule, to_python()
should deal gracefully with any of the
following arguments:
- An instance of the correct type (e.g.,
Hand
in our ongoing example). - 一个字符串
None
(if the field allowsnull=True
)
In our HandField
class, we’re storing the data as a VARCHAR field in the
database, so we need to be able to process strings and None
in the
from_db_value()
. In to_python()
, we need to also handle Hand
instances:
import re
from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError
from django.db import models
from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _
def parse_hand(hand_string):
"""Takes a string of cards and splits into a full hand."""
p1 = re.compile('.{26}')
p2 = re.compile('..')
args = [p2.findall(x) for x in p1.findall(hand_string)]
if len(args) != 4:
raise ValidationError(_("Invalid input for a Hand instance"))
return Hand(*args)
class HandField(models.Field):
# ...
def from_db_value(self, value, expression, connection):
if value is None:
return value
return parse_hand(value)
def to_python(self, value):
if isinstance(value, Hand):
return value
if value is None:
return value
return parse_hand(value)
Notice that we always return a Hand
instance from these methods. That’s the
Python object type we want to store in the model’s attribute.
For to_python()
, if anything goes wrong during value conversion, you should
raise a ValidationError
exception.
Converting Python objects to query values¶
Since using a database requires conversion in both ways, if you override
to_python()
you also have to override get_prep_value()
to convert Python objects back to query values.
例子:
class HandField(models.Field):
# ...
def get_prep_value(self, value):
return ''.join([''.join(l) for l in (value.north,
value.east, value.south, value.west)])
Warning
If your custom field uses the CHAR
, VARCHAR
or TEXT
types for MySQL, you must make sure that get_prep_value()
always returns a string type. MySQL performs flexible and unexpected
matching when a query is performed on these types and the provided
value is an integer, which can cause queries to include unexpected
objects in their results. This problem cannot occur if you always
return a string type from get_prep_value()
.
Converting query values to database values¶
Some data types (for example, dates) need to be in a specific format
before they can be used by a database backend.
get_db_prep_value()
is the method where those conversions should
be made. The specific connection that will be used for the query is
passed as the connection
parameter. This allows you to use
backend-specific conversion logic if it is required.
For example, Django uses the following method for its
BinaryField
:
def get_db_prep_value(self, value, connection, prepared=False):
value = super().get_db_prep_value(value, connection, prepared)
if value is not None:
return connection.Database.Binary(value)
return value
In case your custom field needs a special conversion when being saved that is
not the same as the conversion used for normal query parameters, you can
override get_db_prep_save()
.
在保存前预处理数值¶
If you want to preprocess the value just before saving, you can use
pre_save()
. For example, Django’s
DateTimeField
uses this method to set the attribute
correctly in the case of auto_now
or
auto_now_add
.
If you do override this method, you must return the value of the attribute at
the end. You should also update the model’s attribute if you make any changes
to the value so that code holding references to the model will always see the
correct value.
Specifying the form field for a model field¶
To customize the form field used by ModelForm
, you can
override formfield()
.
The form field class can be specified via the form_class
and
choices_form_class
arguments; the latter is used if the field has choices
specified, the former otherwise. If these arguments are not provided,
CharField
or TypedChoiceField
will be used.
All of the kwargs
dictionary is passed directly to the form field’s
__init__()
method. Normally, all you need to do is set up a good default
for the form_class
(and maybe choices_form_class
) argument and then
delegate further handling to the parent class. This might require you to write
a custom form field (and even a form widget). See the forms documentation for information about this.
Continuing our ongoing example, we can write the formfield()
method
as:
class HandField(models.Field):
# ...
def formfield(self, **kwargs):
# This is a fairly standard way to set up some defaults
# while letting the caller override them.
defaults = {'form_class': MyFormField}
defaults.update(kwargs)
return super().formfield(**defaults)
This assumes we’ve imported a MyFormField
field class (which has its own
default widget). This document doesn’t cover the details of writing custom form
fields.
Emulating built-in field types¶
If you have created a db_type()
method, you don’t need to worry about
get_internal_type()
— it won’t be used much. Sometimes, though, your
database storage is similar in type to some other field, so you can use that
other field’s logic to create the right column.
例子:
class HandField(models.Field):
# ...
def get_internal_type(self):
return 'CharField'
No matter which database backend we are using, this will mean that
migrate
and other SQL commands create the right column type for
storing a string.
If get_internal_type()
returns a string that is not known to Django for
the database backend you are using — that is, it doesn’t appear in
django.db.backends.<db_name>.base.DatabaseWrapper.data_types
— the string
will still be used by the serializer, but the default db_type()
method will return None
. See the documentation of db_type()
for reasons why this might be useful. Putting a descriptive string in as the
type of the field for the serializer is a useful idea if you’re ever going to
be using the serializer output in some other place, outside of Django.
Converting field data for serialization¶
To customize how the values are serialized by a serializer, you can override
value_to_string()
. Using value_from_object()
is the best way
to get the field’s value prior to serialization. For example, since our
HandField
uses strings for its data storage anyway, we can reuse some
existing conversion code:
class HandField(models.Field):
# ...
def value_to_string(self, obj):
value = self.value_from_object(obj)
return self.get_prep_value(value)
Some general advice¶
Writing a custom field can be a tricky process, particularly if you’re doing
complex conversions between your Python types and your database and
serialization formats. Here are a couple of tips to make things go more
smoothly:
- Look at the existing Django fields (in
django/db/models/fields/__init__.py
) for inspiration. Try to find
a field that’s similar to what you want and extend it a little bit,
instead of creating an entirely new field from scratch. - Put a
__str__()
method on the class you’re wrapping up as a field. There
are a lot of places where the default behavior of the field code is to call
str()
on the value. (In our examples in this document,value
would
be aHand
instance, not aHandField
). So if your__str__()
method automatically converts to the string form of your Python object, you
can save yourself a lot of work.
Writing a FileField subclass¶
In addition to the above methods, fields that deal with files have a few other
special requirements which must be taken into account. The majority of the
mechanics provided by FileField
, such as controlling database storage and
retrieval, can remain unchanged, leaving subclasses to deal with the challenge
of supporting a particular type of file.
Django provides a File
class, which is used as a proxy to the file’s
contents and operations. This can be subclassed to customize how the file is
accessed, and what methods are available. It lives at
django.db.models.fields.files
, and its default behavior is explained in the
file documentation.
Once a subclass of File
is created, the new FileField
subclass must be
told to use it. To do so, simply assign the new File
subclass to the special
attr_class
attribute of the FileField
subclass.
一些建议¶
In addition to the above details, there are a few guidelines which can greatly
improve the efficiency and readability of the field’s code.
- The source for Django’s own
ImageField
(in
django/db/models/fields/files.py
) is a great example of how to
subclassFileField
to support a particular type of file, as it
incorporates all of the techniques described above. - Cache file attributes wherever possible. Since files may be stored in
remote storage systems, retrieving them may cost extra time, or even
money, that isn’t always necessary. Once a file is retrieved to obtain
some data about its content, cache as much of that data as possible to
reduce the number of times the file must be retrieved on subsequent
calls for that information.